Four Court Levels
- Supreme People's Court (SPC) — Highest judicial authority. Hears appeals from Higher Courts, issues judicial interpretations binding on all courts.
- Higher People's Courts — Provincial/municipal level. First-instance for重大 cases; appeals from Intermediate Courts.
- Intermediate People's Courts — Prefectural/city level. First-instance for foreign-related, IP, and重大 cases; appeals from Basic Courts.
- Basic People's Courts — District/county level. First-instance for most civil and criminal cases.
Specialized Courts
- IP Courts — Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, plus 19 other cities. Patent and technology disputes.
- Financial Courts — Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu. Financial disputes including securities.
- Maritime Courts — 11 coastal cities. Maritime and shipping disputes.
- Internet Courts — Beijing, Guangzhou, Hangzhou. Online disputes.
Quick answers
FAQ
How is the Chinese court system structured?
China has a multi-level people's court system with specialized courts in some areas. Jurisdiction depends on subject matter, amount, and location of the dispute or defendant.
When should I hire litigation counsel in China?
Early—especially for evidence preservation, interim measures, and forum strategy. Browse dispute resolution lawyers for foreign-related matters.
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