Understanding Protection Options
China’s Anti-Domestic Violence Law provides comprehensive protection regardless of nationality. Foreign victims have the same rights to protection orders and legal recourse as Chinese citizens.
- Personal Safety Protection Order — Court order prohibiting contact, requiring relocation, or mandating counseling
- Expedited Process — Courts rule within 72 hours, or 24 hours in emergencies
- 24-Hour Support — National hotline with multilingual assistance
Filing for Protection
Apply to the Basic People’s Court in the district where violence occurred. Evidence may include medical records, police reports, photographs, recordings, and witness statements.
Property Rights in Divorce
Marital property is generally divided equally, with additional consideration for the party caring for children. Cross-border divorce involving Chinese real estate requires court recognition of the foreign decree.
'Legal Definition of Domestic Violence in China
The Anti-Domestic Violence Law defines domestic violence broadly to include physical assault, battery, restraint, forcible confinement, injury, psychological abuse, and other acts that impair the physical or mental health of family members. The definition extends beyond physical violence to encompass emotional and psychological abuse, economic control, and coercive behavior. Importantly, the law covers cohabiting couples regardless of marital status, and recent judicial interpretations have extended protections to dating relationships.
For foreign spouses, the law applies equally regardless of nationality or immigration status. This means that a foreign national married to a Chinese citizen, or two foreign nationals residing together in China, are both covered by the full scope of legal protections.
Evidence Collection for Protection Orders
When seeking a Personal Safety Protection Order, the applicant must provide evidence of domestic violence or the threat thereof. Acceptable evidence includes public security authority records, police call logs, medical examination reports documenting injuries, photographs or videos of injuries or property damage, audio recordings of threats or abusive language, witness statements from neighbors, friends, or family members, and WeChat messages, emails, or other electronic communications containing threats or abusive content.
- Protection order, evidence, divorce/property, and criminal referral if the facts meet the offence.
- Domestic Violence Protection — legal tests.
- Domestic Violence Protection.
- FAILURE MODES
- Personal-safety protection order
Foreign spouses should be aware that 110 is the national emergency number in China, and all police stations are required to accept reports of domestic violence regardless of the parties’ nationality. Police response times and procedures vary by city, but the law requires immediate response to domestic violence reports.
Temporary Housing and Support Services
Local Women’s Federations operate emergency shelters that can provide temporary housing for domestic violence victims. Major cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen have shelters specifically equipped to accommodate foreign victims with language support services. The national domestic violence hotline 12338 provides multilingual assistance and can refer callers to local resources.
Legal aid is available for victims who cannot afford private counsel. Local legal aid centers provide free legal consultation and, in appropriate cases, representation in protection order proceedings and divorce litigation. Foreign victims are eligible for legal aid on the same basis as Chinese citizens.
Cross-Border Custody and Support Issues
When domestic violence leads to separation or divorce in cross-border marriages, additional complexities arise. The return of children to the foreign spouse’s home country may implicate the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, to which China is a signatory. Child support orders from China may be enforceable in the foreign spouse’s home country through international judicial assistance mechanisms.
Foreign spouses should seek legal advice that covers both Chinese domestic violence protections and cross-border family law issues. Working with a lawyer who understands the intersection of these legal frameworks is essential for comprehensive protection.
''If you or someone you know is experiencing domestic violence in China, immediate assistance is available through the national hotline and local legal aid services.
'Divorce Proceedings in Cross-Border Marriages
Divorce in cross-border marriages involving a Chinese spouse and a foreign spouse may be processed through either administrative registration or judicial proceedings. Administrative divorce is available when both parties agree to the divorce and have reached a settlement on child custody and property division. The application is submitted to the marriage registration authority where the marriage was registered. Both parties must be present in person to file the application, and the divorce certificate is issued 30 days later if neither party has withdrawn the application.
Judicial divorce is required when the parties do not agree on the divorce or on the terms of separation. The court will attempt mediation first. If mediation fails and the court finds that the marital relationship has broken down, it will grant the divorce. Grounds for divorce include bigamy or cohabitation with a third party, domestic violence or abandonment, habitual gambling or drug abuse, separation for two years due to irreconcilable differences, or other circumstances causing the breakdown of the marital relationship.
Child Custody in Cross-Border Cases
Chinese courts decide child custody based on the best interests of the child. For children under two years of age, custody is generally awarded to the mother. For children between two and eight years, the court considers various factors including the parents’ economic circumstances, living arrangements, emotional bonds with the child, and the child’s established routines.
For children eight years or older, the court must respect the child’s preferences. In cross-border custody cases, the court also considers practical factors. A foreign parent seeking custody must demonstrate that the child’s relocation to another country would not harm the child’s development and that the parent can provide appropriate care, education, and living conditions. The non-custodial parent’s visitation rights are protected, and the custodial parent must not unreasonably obstruct visitation.
Financial Support Arrangements
Child support in China is calculated based on both parents’ incomes and the child’s needs. The typical range is 20 to 30 percent of the paying parent’s monthly income for one child, 30 to 40 percent for two children, and up to 50 percent for three or more children. These percentages may be adjusted based on the child’s specific needs, including education expenses, medical costs, and extracurricular activities.
Spousal support is available only in limited circumstances and requires evidence that the requesting spouse has no independent income, suffers from a disability, or has made disproportionate contributions to the family that have impaired their earning capacity. Spousal support is typically time-limited.
- Is there enough evidence for a protection order, and is the criminal threshold met?.
- Domestic Violence Protection — sequence.
- Domestic Violence Protection — process. Domestic Violence Protection — sequence; Preserve evidence; Apply protection order; Notify police if needed; File divorce/custody if required; Secure onshore property.
- Domestic Violence Protection — process.
- Refer criminal if threshold met
Legal Assistance Networks for Foreign Spouses
Several organizations provide legal assistance to foreign nationals in China. The International Legal Aid Council, local bar associations’ foreign-related legal service committees, embassy legal referral services, and international law firms with family law practices all offer resources and referrals. Foreign spouses should maintain copies of all important documents including marriage certificate, passport and visa pages, property ownership documents, and financial account records in a secure location accessible independently of the spouse.
Domestic Violence in Cohabiting Relationships
China’s anti-domestic violence protections extend to cohabiting couples who are not legally married. The law explicitly covers persons who are not married but live together as a couple. This includes foreign nationals cohabiting with Chinese partners and foreign couples living together in China. The Personal Safety Protection Order is available regardless of marital status, provided the applicant can demonstrate a domestic relationship and evidence of violence or threat of violence. Recent judicial interpretations have extended protection to former partners who have separated but remain at risk of violence. The courts have also recognized economic abuse, including withholding of financial resources necessary for basic living expenses, as a form of domestic violence in certain circumstances.
